Shakespeare, Sir Thomas More and the Strangers’ Case
Shakespeare writes about race. A lot. Othello and The Merchant of Venice are just the best known examples. Most regard Shakespeare’s writings as humanising the ‘other’ — the stranger among us. Yet his plays portray the kinds of prejudices and hatreds that today we call racism. His pen portrait of Iago, the villain in Othello, is a master pen portrait of the true ugliness of racism.
A passage which is generally attributed to Shakespeare (see sources below) is perhaps the only substantial manuscript handwriting of the playwright which has survived until today. The passage appears in a play known as the Booke of Sir Thomas More. It is an Elizabethan era co-authored play in various hands. Whether the passage in question was written by Shakespeare or not is not important. Even if it wasn’t, it is the kind of language that Shakespeare excelled in creating.
The context of the passage is what we would today call race riots. In 1517 such a riot broke out. London was a city of 50,000. A preacher had riled up the people against ‘strangers’. The day has come down through history as Evil May Day. The targets were poor Flemish immigrants working in London; as were more wealthy ‘Lombard’ bankers (e.g. Venetians and Milanese). Prompt action by the authorities seem to have prevented a worse tragedy.
Such hostility to the stranger is with us from age to age and is not confined to one place. It is so ancient that the Bronze Age or Iron Age text of the Old Testament prescribes rules against the mistreatment of those who have arrived in ‘our’ lands. For example the following passage:
“When a stranger sojourns with you in your land, you shall not do him wrong. You shall treat the stranger who sojourns with you as the native among you, and you shall love him as yourself, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God.” Leviticus 19:33–34
Or even more strikingly, the following:
“You shall have the same rule for the sojourner and for the native, …” Leviticus 24:22
These kind of ideas, were current in the intensely religious Elizabethan and Jacobean era. They provide a background to the passage in the Booke of Sir Thomas More which has become known as the Strangers’ Case. Of course, we don’t need biblical passages to understand them. They reflect common human decency.
Below Shakespeare’s Strangers’ Case is presented, with an Italian translation. Sir Ian McKellen’s performance of the passage is also found below.
The Stranger’s Case from The Booke of Sir Thomas Moore
Grant them removed, and grant that this your noise
Hath chid down all the majesty of England;
Imagine that you see the wretched strangers,
Their babies at their backs and their poor luggage,
Plodding to the ports and coasts for transportation,
Diciamo che siano cacciati, e che questo vostro rumore
Abbia buttato giù tutta la maestà dell’Inghilterra;
Immaginate che vediate tutti questi stranieri miserabili,
I bambini sulle loro schiene con i loro miseri bagagli,
Camminando a passo pesante ai porti e alle coste per essere espulsi,
And that you sit as kings in your desires,
Authority quite silent by your brawl,
And you in ruff of your opinions clothed;
E che siate seduti come re nei vostri desideri,
Autorità tutta silente perché dalla vostra rivolta,
E voi, abbigliati nelle gorgiere delle vostre opinioni;
What had you got? I’ll tell you: you had taught
How insolence and strong hand should prevail,
How order should be quelled; and by this pattern
Not one of you should live an aged man,
Che cosa ne avreste tratto? Ve lo dico; avreste insegnato
Come l’insolenza e la mano forte debbano prevalere,
Come l’ordine vada soppresso; e secondo questo modello
Neanche uno di voi vivrebbe fino a diventare anziano,
For other ruffians, as their fancies wrought,
With self same hand, self reasons, and self right,
Would shark on you, and men like ravenous fishes
Would feed on one another….
Perché altri farabutti, come il capriccio li prende,
Con la stessa mano, le stesse ragioni, lo stesso diritto,
Vi divorerebbero, e uomini come squali voraci
Si sbranerebbero a vicenda …
You’ll put down strangers,
Kill them, cut their throats, possess their houses,
And lead the majesty of law in line
To slip him like a hound,
Abbattereste gli stranieri,
Li uccidereste, tagliando le loro gole, possedereste le loro case,
E condurreste la maestà della legge al guinzaglio,
Per sguinzagliarla come un bracco,
O desperate as you are,
Wash your foul mind with tears,
And with those same hands,
That you lift like rebels against the peace,
Lift up for peace, and your unreverent knees,
Make them your feet to kneel to be forgiven!
O disperati che siate
Lavate le vostre menti perfide con lacrime,
E con quelle stesse mani,
Che alzate come ribelli contro la pace,
Alzatele per la pace, e sulle vostre ginocchia empie,
Fatele i vostri piedi per cercare il perdono!
Say now the King, As he is clement if th’ offender mourn
Should so much come too short of your great trespass
As but to banish you, whither would you go?
Diciamo ora che il Re, Come lui è clemente se il reo è penitente
Punisse con così tanta leggerezza la vostra infrazione
Da soltanto bandirvi, dove andreste?
What country, by the nature of your error,
Should give you harbour? go you to France or Flanders,
To any German province, to Spain or Portugal,
Nay, any where that not adheres to England,
Why, you must needs be strangers: would you be pleased
To find a nation of such barbarous temper,
Quale paese, vista la natura del vostro peccato,
Dovrebbe darvi rifugio? Se andaste in Francia o nelle Fiandre,
In qualsiasi provincia tedesca, in Spagna o in Portogallo,
Anzi, in qualsiasi luogo che non faccia parte dell’Inghilterra
Ebbene per forza sareste voi gli stranieri: e come vi sentireste
Se trovaste una nazione dal carattere così barbaro,
That, breaking out in hideous violence,
Would not afford you an abode on earth,
Whet their detested knives against your throats,
Spurn you like dogs, and like as if that God
Owed not nor made not you, nor that the claimants
Were not all appropriate to your comforts,
But chartered unto them, what would you think
To be thus used? this is the strangers case;
And this your mountainish inhumanity.
Che, insorgendo in violenza orrenda,
Affilasse i suoi coltelli detestati contro le vostre gole,
Vi scacciasse come cani, come se il Dio
Non vi avesse creato e non vi appartenesse, e che i diritti che richiediate
Non fossero per niente adatti al vostro benessere,
Ma iscritti solo per loro, cosa pensereste
Di essere così trattati? Questa è la causa dello straniero;
E questa è la vostra tremenda disumanità.
Sir Thomas More rose to the position of Lord Chancellor of England. He is famous to history as a Catholic martyr. He refused to recant his faith as demanded by his sovereign and erstwhile friend and master, King Henry VIII. Sir Thomas More is also famous for his work Utopia.
Sir Ian McKellen is part of the story. He is most well-known for his role as Gandalf in the Lord of the Rings. He is also a great Shakespearean actor. Ian McKellen popularised The Strangers’ Case through its performance. Indeed, he was the first actor to bring the work to the stage.
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